Choosing the Best Coffee
When possible, look for coffee bearing as many of the certifications below as possible.
Fair Trade Certified
The "Fair Trade Certified" label is a third-party certification administered in the U.S. by TransFair USA, a member of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), and it means that coffee beans were purchased directly from growers or their cooperatives at a price higher than the commodity market rate. Both growers (including producer groups and cooperatives) and importers can be certified, and certification ensures that the price paid per pound of beans never falls below $0.10 more than the current market price. Currently, Fair Trade-certified growers are paid the FLO-established price of at least $1.21 per pound, $1.51 if it's certified organic (more than double the market rate). Certification also imposes some environmental-protection standards on growers, including a ban on the most hazardous pesticides such as DDT, methyl parathion and lindane (For more on these pesticides, see "The Backstory"), and the use of integrated pest management techniques, such as growing coffee under shade canopies. Fair Trade-certified importers must also provide pre-financing credits to growers when needed to help them comply with certification requirements. The higher wages allow farmers to invest in health care, education, community development and environmental stewardship.
Fair Trade Federation
Not a third-party certification, the Fair Trade Federation (FTF) is a voluntary membership organization that accepts growers as well as roasters and retailers based upon their commitment to, among other things, paying farmers at least the local minimum wage and protecting natural resources. While the FTF does not set specific environmental standards, they do encourage members to implement practices that help preserve biodiversity. Members must reapply annually and provide documentation about material sourcing and labor policies. Although not as reliable as TransFair, FTF coffee retailers and roasters pay at least the current FLO price.
Certified Organic
"Certified Organic" coffee must be grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers on land that was free of such chemicals for three years prior to certification. To be certified organic, the farm must also utilize a sustainable crop rotation plan to prevent erosion, the depletion of soil nutrients and control for pests. The USDA's National Organic Program is the primary organic certifier in the U.S., but you may also see a USDA-accredited certifier such as Quality Assurance International, that abides by USDA's criteria.
Bird Friendly
The Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (SMBC) certifies organic coffee as "Bird Friendly" if it is also "Shade Grown," which describes coffee grown under the rain forest canopy. The next best thing to a natural rain forest, traditional shade-grown coffee farms support many species of insects, mammals and reptiles and serve as a resting place or winter home for migratory birds. Biologists have found over 150 species of birds living in the shade of traditionally managed coffee and cacao (chocolate) plantations in Chiapas, Mexico, a number exceeded only in undisturbed tropical forests. A 2008 SMBC study found that bird-friendly farms harbored at least 20 different species of forest birds compared to less than 10 in non-bird-friendly farms. In fact, across all forest-dwelling species, Bird Friendly-certified farms had a higher degree of biodiversity than uncertified farms. Shade farms also reduce the need for pesticides by maintaining a natural balance between pests and their predators. Currently SMBC only certifies coffees from Latin America.
Rainforest Alliance Certified
Combining aspects of the certifications above, the Rainforest Alliance (RA) focuses on how farms are managed rather than how beans are traded, covering all aspects of production including environmental protection, worker rights and welfare and the interests of local communities. Certification requires that at least 40 percent of the coffee-growing plantation has to be covered in shade at all times in areas where the original natural vegetative cover is forest, which allows for wildlife preservation and a reduction of pesticides, but they do allow the use of some agrochemicals when pest-related damages would be greater than the farmer could cope with economically. They do, however, prohibit pesticides that are banned by the EPA, the EU and those that are on the Pesticide Action Network Dirty Dozen list and a few other international environmental program lists. RA-certified coffee farms must also pay workers at least the local minimum wage and prohibit the employment of children under the age of 15. While only a minimum of 30 percent certified content is required for products to display the "Rainforest Alliance Certified" label, retailers are required to state the percentage of certified content next to the label.
The Backstory
Though grown primarily by families on small farms, coffee is still the most valuable legal export commodity in the world behind petroleum, according to the World Bank. Unfortunately, booming demand for java has resulted in a massive shift away from traditional, environmentally beneficial growing methods to more damaging ones, and it's led to an overproduction glut that forces farmers to sell their beans well below the cost to grow them.
Environmental Issues
To get the highest yield possible, conventional coffee farms are situated on clear-cut land, exposed to full sun and treated with chemical fertilizers and pesticides. "Full-sun" farms have led to staggering deforestation, particularly in Latin America where numerous tropical ecosystems have disappeared or are on the verge of elimination. Deforestation has been spurred, in part, by a drop in coffee prices that led farmers to opt for growing methods that would provide them with a higher profits (see "Low Wages for Growers," below), but it's environmental damage is extreme. Habitats have been decimated, not only for indigenous wildlife, but for countless numbers of migratory birds as well. Sixty to 80 percent of bird species that inhabit forests throughout the eastern U.S. and Canada spend their winters in Latin America, and studies have found over 90 percent fewer bird species in sun coffee farms than shade farms. This, of course, says nothing of deforestation's contribution to global warming.
For birds and wildlife that do take refuge on full-sun farms, pesticides and chemical fertilizers might pose a threat. For example, endosulfan, an insecticide widely used against the coffee berry borer beetle, harms the reproductive systems of aquatic species and mammals and causes behavioral and biochemical changes in fish. Runoff from agricultural fields where endosulfan was applied has killed fish in mass quantities. Lindane, which has been used internationally as an agricultural insecticide, is very toxic to fish and other aquatic life and is believed to cause birth defects in amphibians. Still used as an insecticide in many developing countries, DDT was banned in the U.S. in 1972 in part for causing long term reproductive problems in birds and contributing to the near extinction of certain species including the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon. The non-selective insectide methyl parathion kills beneficial species, such as bees, as well as pests, is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates, and moderately toxic to birds.
Social Issues
Worker Welfare
Sun-grown coffee is sprayed with a number of pesticides, but residues that reach the beans are mostly burned away in the roasting process and so pose little risk to consumers, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, farmers and workers on coffee plantations aren't so lucky. Coffee trees grow primarily in the tropics of Africa and Latin America where growers pick the berries by hand. They are exposed to chemical fertilizers and pesticides daily, some of which sicken workers and increase their cancer risk. In 1996, the insecticide Miral 500 CS was recalled after one Colombian coffee plantation worker died and three others were sickened following exposure. Endosulfan has been shown to mimic the hormone estrogen and has caused estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells to multiply in test tubes, and animal studies have found that long-term exposure causes kidney and liver damage.
Not only does sun-grown coffee require more pesticides, but it also needs more synthetic, petroleum-based nitrogen fertilizers. Synthetic fertilizers have contributed to nitrate contamination in drinking water in Costa Rica, with documented groundwater pollution exceeding World Health Organization levels in some cases. Nitrate contamination of groundwater has been associated with certain cancers, birth defects, hypertension and developmental problems in children.
Decaffeinated coffee is often preferred, especially as an after-dinner brew, but the chemical solvents used to remove most of the caffeine deserve some scrutiny. The most widely used solvents are methylene chloride and ethyl acetate, both of which can be harmful to workers. (According to the FDA, the decaffeination process leaves "infinitesimal" traces of the solvents on coffee beans, and poses no health hazards to consumers.) Methylene chloride is a suspected carcinogen and ethyl acetate may lead to skin problems. The Swiss Water Method, where beans are soaked in water, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) process, using CO2 in its supercritical state (between a liquid and a gas), are both preferable and only these methods can be used for organic coffee. Because the CO2 process is costly, plants take tremendous care to contain it, and there's little risk of its use contributing to global warming.
Low Wages for Growers
Spurred by an overproduction glut in the late 1990s, the price of coffee plummeted from about $1.50 to roughly a third of that by 2001. As a result, millions of coffee farmers have been forced to sell their beans at prices well below production costs. Currently the market price for beans is hovering around .60 to .70 cents per pound, while retailers charge as much as $11.00 a pound for the finished product.
In response to the overproduction crisis, Fair Trade certification for coffee arose to protect coffee farmers from price fluctuations and to reward those who practice sustainable agriculture, in the hopes that farmers not subjected to dramatic price drops would be less likely to resort to deforestation.
Corporate Responsibility
Responding to heightened consumer activism, a handful of corporate giants have taken meaningful steps toward a more environmentally sustainable and socially responsible coffee market. As a result of pressure from grassroots non-profits including Global Exchange and Oxfam America, in 2003 Proctor and Gamble began selling Fair Trade-certified coffees through Millstone, its gourmet coffee division, but has yet to extend the certification to its more widely available Folgers brand. To be compatible with its socially responsible image, Starbucks sells its Fair Trade-certified Café Estima blend year-round, and their Fair Trade-certified Kirkland Signature house blend is also available at Costco stores nationwide and in Canada. However, the company has yet to make Fair Trade coffee a viable option for customers by brewing it weekly in cafes, although they do state that its stores will brew a pot of Fair Trade coffee if a customer requests it. Kraft's entire Yuban coffee line is now Rainforest Alliance-certified. Sam's Club, Wal-Mart's warehouse retail chain, is one of the top three U.S. retailers of Fair Trade coffee and carries Bom Dia's Marques de Paiva organic- and Fair Trade-certified coffee, and Wal-Mart stores sell Proctor and Gamble's Millstone. Even McDonald's is carrying Fair Trade, organic Green Mountain coffee in its New England and Albany, New York, stores and Dunkin Donuts uses Fair Trade-certified espresso beans in its espresso drinks. That chain stores are beginning to carry certified beans is good news, but expansion is needed. Much wider impacts could be made, for example, if McDonald's stocked Fair Trade beans nationwide and if Dunkin Donuts used Fair Trade beans for coffee as well as espresso drinks.
Corporations can still be pushed to do more. Find out if your favorite brand of coffee carries any of the certifications above. If not, start a letter-writing campaign to the manufacturer asking them to provide ethical coffee choices.
